Dietary intake of phytochemicals in association with irritable bowel syndrome in adults.

BACKGROUND & AIM: There is limited data regarding the association between phytochemical-rich diets and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The current study aimed to cross-sectionally evaluate the association of dietary phytochemical index (DPI) with the odds and severity of IBS. METHODS: In this study, which included 3362 Iranian healthcare staffs, a dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (DS-FFQ) was utilized to collect dietary information. The DPI was defined as the daily percentage of calories consumed from phytochemical-rich foods. The IBS assessment was performed using a revised Iranian version of the Rome III questionnaire. We applied the restricted cubic spline (RCS) to detect the possible non-linear dependency of the relationship between DPI and the odds of IBS. RESULTS: The mean age, Body Mass Index (BMI), and DPI scores of the participants were 36.29 ± 7.8 years, 24.90 ± 3.8 kg/m2, and 16.07 ± 9.01, respectively. After adjusting for possible confounders, no significant association was observed between DPI and odds of IBS in the whole study population or in gender- and BMI-stratified analyses. We found a significant inverse association between DPI and IBS severity in the study population (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.51-0.98). Concerning gender, such an association was only found in women (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.44-0.96). However, there was no significant relationship between DPI and IBS severity in BMI subgroups. In addition, we found no meaningful relationship between DPI and IBS subtypes. The RCS model showed that there is no non-linear relationship between DPI classification and IBS (non-linear test, χ2 = 1.14, Pnon-linearity = 0.513). CONCLUSIONS: Higher phytochemical intake was associated with reduced IBS severity, particularly in women. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.

Impact of orange juice consumption on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the greatest cause of premature death and disability globally. Numerous therapeutic strategies have been developed to improve and prevent the adverse cardiovascular events, including nutritional approaches. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarized the evidence on orange juice consumption on CVD risk factors. Four databases were searched up to September 2020. Ten randomized controlled trials were included in the final analysis. Pooled results demonstrated a significant effect of orange juice on glucose (WMD: -2.92 mg/dl, 95% CI: -5.327, -0.530, p = 0.017), insulin (WMD: -1.229 µU/ml, 95% CI: -2.083, -0.374, p = 0.005), HOMA-IR (WMD: -0.464, 95% CI: -0.747, -0.181, p = 0.001), total cholesterol (WMD: -9.84 mg/dl, 95% CI: -15.43, -4.24, p = 0.001), LDL-C (WMD: -9.14 mg/dl, 95% CI: -15.79, -2.49, p = 0.007), and CRP (WMD: -0.467 mg/l, 95% CI: -0.815, -0.120, p = 0.008) compared to control group. However, the effect of orange juice on body composition factors and other CVD risk factors was not significant compared to control group. These lowering effects of glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, and LDL-C were robust in subgroups with orange juice consumption ≥500 ml/day. This meta-analysis suggests that orange juice may be beneficial in improving several CVD risk factors.

The effect of paleolithic diet on glucose metabolism and lipid profile among patients with metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: Several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have investigated the effects of the Paleolithic diet (PD) in adult patients suffering from metabolic disorders. However, the results of these RCTs are conflicting. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of the PD in patients with metabolic disorders. METHODS: We searched the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Databases, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to June, 2020. The data were pooled using a random-effects model. From the eligible publications, 10 articles were selected for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. The heterogeneity was determined using the I2 statistics and the Cochrane Q test. RESULTS: The pooled results from the random-effects model showed a significant reduction of the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (weighted mean difference, WMD: -0.39, 95% CI: -0.70, -0.08), fasting insulin (WMD: -12.17 µU/mL, 95% CI: -24.26, -0.08), total cholesterol (WMD: -0.32 mmol/l, 95% CI: -0.49, -0.15), triglycerides (WMD: -0.29 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.42, -0.16), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: -0.35 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.67, -0.03), blood pressure (BP)(WMD - 5.89 mmHg; 95% CI - 9.973 to - 1.86 for the systolic BP and WMD - 4.01 mmHg; 95% CI - 6.21 to - 1.80 for the diastolic BP values) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (WMD: -0.84, mg/L, 95% CI: -1.62, -0.06) in the PD group versus control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide better insights into the effect of the PD on the modulation of the glucose and lipid metabolism factors in patients with metabolic disorders, providing comprehensive information for the development of future RCTs with a high quality design.

The beneficial effects of cinnamon among patients with metabolic diseases: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarize and conclude the clinical evidence regarding the use of cinnamon among patients with metabolic diseases. A comprehensive literature search without any limitation on language was conducted using the following bibliographical databases: ISI Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Search was conducted up to 23 January 2020. A total of 35 clinical trials were included for final analysis. Pooling of results showed a significant reducing effect of cinnamon on total cholesterol (TC) (weighted mean difference (WMD) = -11.67 mg/dL; P = 0.010), triglyceride (TG) (WMD = -16.27 mg/dL; P < 0.001), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD = -6.36 mg/dL; P < 0.001), serum glucose (WMD = -11.39 mg/dL; P < 0.001), serum insulin (WMD = -1.27 µIU/mL; P = 0.028), and waist circumstance (WC) (WMD = -1.68 cm; P = 0.016). These lowering effects on TG, TC, LDL-C, and serum glucose levels were robust in studies that used cinnamon supplementation dose ≤1.5 g. Also, our findings of the present meta-analysis showed that cinnamon supplementation could have favorable effects on high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C, WMD = 1.35; P = 0.038) as well as systolic (WMD = -3.95 mmHg; P = 0.018) and diastolic (WMD = -3.36; P = 0.001) blood pressure among patients with metabolic diseases. The present meta-analysis suggests that cinnamon might exert beneficial effects on various cardiometabolic risk factors among patients with metabolic diseases.

The effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on metabolic risk factors in patients with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

AIMS: The DASH diet was designed for helping control of blood pressure but, fortunately, it can also be prescribed for many other chronic conditions. The current study intended to assess the potential effects of DASH diet on metabolic risk factors in patients with chronic disease. DATA SYNTHESIS: We carried out a systematic literature search for RCTs from inception until July 2020. A total of 54 clinical trials were included in the final analysis. Compared to control groups, a significant lower effect of the DASH diet was noted for body weight (-1.59 kg; p < 0.001), BMI (-0.64 kg/m2; p < 0.001), and WC (-1.93 cm; p < 0.001) as well as for SBP (-3.94 mmHg; p < 0.001) and DBP (-2.44 mmHg; P < 0.001). The DASH diet significantly decreased TC (-5.12 mg/dl; p = 0.008) and LDL-C levels (-3.53 mg/dl; p = 0.041), but not HDL-C (0.30 mg/dl; p = 0.510), TG (-4.22 mg/dl; p = 0.067), and VLDL-C (-2.16 mg/dl; p = 0.062). No significant effect of the DASH diet was noted for blood glucose (-0.38 mg/dl; p = 0.216), insulin (-0.03 µIU/mL; p = 0.817), HOMA-IR (-0.15; p = 0.132), and CRP (-0.33 mg/l; p = 0.173). CONCLUSIONS: The DASH diet is a feasible approach to weight loss and to control blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia.

The effect of inositol supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Potential effects of inositol supplementation on blood pressure (BP) have been examined in several interventional studies. Nevertheless, findings in this context are controversial. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of inositol supplementation on BP. METHODS: Five online databases including Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and PubMed were systematically searched from inception to March 2020. We included all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of inositol supplementation on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in humans. RESULTS: The random-effects meta-analysis of 7 eligible RCTs demonstrated the significant decline in both SBP (WMD - 5.69 mmHg; 95% CI - 7.35 to - 4.02, P < 0.001) and DBP (WMD - 7.12 mmHg; 95% CI - 10.18 to - 4.05, P < 0.001) following supplementation with inositol. Subgroup analysis showed that studies performed in individuals with metabolic syndrome with a longer duration (>8 weeks) and a dose of 4000 mg resulted in a more effective reduction in SBP and DBP with acceptable homogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: The current meta-analysis, indicated that supplementation with inositol significantly decrease SBP and DBP. Further large-scale RCTs with better design are needed to confirm these findings.

The Impact of Chromium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta­Analysis of Randomized­Controlled Trials.

INTRODUCTION: Potential effects of chromium supplementation on blood pressure (BP) have been examined in several interventional studies. Nevertheless, findings in this context are controversial. AIM: Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of chromium supplementation on BP. METHODS: Five online databases including Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, and PubMed were systematically searched from inception to March 2020. We included all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of chromium supplementation on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in humans. RESULTS: The random-effects meta-analysis of 11 eligible RCTs with 637 participants demonstrated the significant decline in both SBP (WMD - 2.51 mmHg; 95% CI - 4.97 to - 0.05, p = 0.04) and DBP (WMD - 1.04 mmHg; 95% CI - 1.96 to - 0.12, p = 0.026) following supplementation with chromium. In subgroup analysis, studies that were administered chromium yeast and brewer's yeast, showed greater decrease in SBP. Also, in stratification based on participants' health status, significant reduction in SBP only was seen in diabetic patients with chronic heart disease (CHD). Nonlinear dose-response analysis revealed a significant influence of chromium dosage on SBP changes. CONCLUSION: The current meta-analysis, indicated that supplementation with chromium significantly decrease SBP and DBP. In subgroup analysis, administration of chromium yeast and brewer's yeast resulted in greater reduction in SBP. Further large-scale RCTs with better design are needed to confirm these findings.

Association of dietary insulinaemic potential and odds of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among adults: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Hyperinsulinaemia is considered as a major risk factor for the development of a myriad of chronic diseases. We examined the association between the dietary insulinaemic potential and the odds of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among Iranian adults. METHODS: After being subjected to a liver ultrasound, 166 patients with NAFLD and 200 controls were included in the study. The dietary intakes and the physical activity levels of the participants were evaluated using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short IPAQ), respectively. The insulinaemic potential of the diet was assessed by computing the scores of the Empirical Dietary Index for Hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) and the Empirical Dietary Index for Insulin Resistance (EDIR). RESULTS: Compared with the control subjects, patients with NAFLD were significantly older; had higher values for body mass index, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and alanine transaminase; and were more likely to smoke. Moreover, NAFLD patients had significant lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and were less likely to perform physical activity. The risk of NAFLD was higher in the individuals in the highest tertile of the EDIH (odds ratio [OR] = 2.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32-5.90; p value for trend < 0.05) and EDIR (OR = 2.42; 95% CI = 1.22-4.79; p value for trend < 0.05) compared to those in the lowest tertile of these scores. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that a higher dietary insulinaemic potential is associated with an increased risk of NAFLD.

The Impact of Low Advanced Glycation End Products Diet on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Several randomized clinical trials have investigated the effect of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on metabolic syndrome risk factors in adults. However, the results of these studies were conflicting. Therefore, our aim was to assess the effect of dietary AGEs on metabolic syndrome risk factors. We searched the PubMed-MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Databases, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Embase databases for papers published up to October 2019 that investigated the effect of dietary AGEs on metabolic syndrome risk factors. From the eligible trials, 13 articles were selected for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was determined by I2 statistics and Cochrane Q test. Pooled results from the random-effects model showed a significant reduction for insulin resistance [weighted mean difference (WMD): -1.204; 95% CI: -2.057, -0.358; P = 0.006], fasting insulin (WMD: -5.472 µU/mL; 95% CI: -9.718, -1.234 µU/mL; P = 0.011), total cholesterol (WMD: -5.486 mg/dL; 95% CI: -10.222, -0.747 mg/dL; P = 0.023), and LDL (WMD: -6.263 mg/dL; 95% CI: -11.659, -0.866 mg/dL; P = 0.023) in the low-AGEs groups compared with the high-AGEs groups. There were no changes in the other components of the metabolic syndrome. The results of this review suggest that a diet with a low AGEs content has beneficial effects on insulin resistance, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, and LDL. Moreover, following a diet low in AGEs may be a helpful strategy to decrease the burden of metabolic syndrome risk factors in adults and particularly in patients with diabetes.

The impact of low advanced glycation end products diet on obesity and related hormones: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have investigated the effect of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGE) on obesity factors and related hormones in adults; results were conflicting. Therefore, a study was performed to assess the effect of low advanced glycation end products diet on obesity and related hormones. A comprehensive literature search without any limitation on language was conducted using the following bibliographical databases: Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Embase up to October, 2019. From the eligible trials, 13 articles were selected for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Our systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown a significant decrease in BMI (WMD: - 0.3 kg/m2; 95% CI: - 0.52, - 0.09, p = 0.005; I2 = 55.8%), weight (WMD: - 0.83 kg; 95% CI: - 1.55, - 0.10, p = 0.026; I2 = 67.0%), and leptin (WMD: - 19.85 ng/ml; 95% CI: - 29.88, - 9.82, p < 0.001; I2 = 81.8%) and an increase in adiponectin (WMD: 5.50 µg/ml; 95% CI: 1.33, 9.67, p = 0.010; I2 = 90.6%) levels after consumption of the low AGE diets compared to the high AGE diets. Also, the effect of intake of low AGE compared to high AGE diets was more pronounced in subgroup with duration > 8 weeks for the BMI and weight. Overall, according to our results, although low AGE diets appeared to be statistically significant in reducing the prevalence of obesity and chronic diseases compared to high consumption of dietary AGEs. But, no clinical significance was observed. Therefore, to confirm these results clinically, further prospective studies should be conducted in this regard. The study protocol was registered in the in International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) database as CRD42020203734.